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      <title>Making Light :: English Toolbox :: comments</title>
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      <description>Language, fraud, folly, truth, history, and knitting. Et cetera.</description>
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      <title>English Toolbox</title>
      <description>I don't doubt David Appleyard's English Toolbox is useful if you're an ESL student, but anyone else who's tussling with...</description>
      <content:encoded>I don't doubt David Appleyard's English Toolbox is useful if you're an ESL student, but anyone else who's tussling with...</content:encoded>
      <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html</link>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #1 from Jeremy Leader</title>
         <description>comment from Jeremy Leader on  9.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>He doesn't quite mention my favorite bit of English vocabulary trivia:  effect is usually a noun, but less often a verb; affect is usually a verb, but sometimes a noun (to psychologists).</p>

<p>He also doesn't mention the distinction between "infer" and "imply", which so many people seem confused by.</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May  9, 2003  4:15 PM by Jeremy Leader&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20497</link>
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         <pubDate>Fri, 09 May 2003 16:15:57 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #2 from Kate Nepveu</title>
         <description>comment from Kate Nepveu on  9.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Chad & I were just wondering if there were actual rules behind the use of articles in American English. Hopefully this will help--cool!</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May  9, 2003  8:44 PM by Kate Nepveu&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20506</link>
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         <pubDate>Fri, 09 May 2003 20:44:52 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #3 from Lisa Spangenberg</title>
         <description>comment from Lisa Spangenberg on  9.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Appleyard's site is a good one, but I would also like to recommend a book, specifically, Diana Hacker's A Writer's Reference. It's the most practical, understandable guide to English grammar, syntax and usage I've seen. It's well organized and it includes special sections on citation style (Chicago, MLA, APA) and ESL, in addition to concise understandable grammar explanations.</p>

<p>My undergraduate students have been known to voluntarily read Hacker because she's interesting. You can see the publisher's puffery here:</p>

<p>http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/book.asp?disc=ENG&disc_name=English&@id_course=1058000064&cd_booktype=HDBK&id_product=2001003087</p>

<p>The downside is that textbook publishing is such that Diana Hacker has essentially cornered the market on English handbooks.</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May  9, 2003  9:30 PM by Lisa Spangenberg&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20507</link>
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         <pubDate>Fri, 09 May 2003 21:30:57 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #4 from Plig</title>
         <description>comment from Plig on 10.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>He doesn't mention (as neither does anyone else I've tried) why we use a capital letter for the personal pronoun "I".<br />
Any ideas?</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 10, 2003  9:54 AM by Plig&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20519</link>
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         <pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2003 09:54:55 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #5 from Lisa Spangenberg</title>
         <description>comment from Lisa Spangenberg on 10.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>>He doesn't mention (as neither does anyone else I've tried) <br />
>why we use a capital letter for the personal pronoun "I".<br />
> Any ideas?</p>

<p>The use of uppercase for the first person singular is aa manuscript convention that appears in Middle English to differentiate the first person singular from an ordinary lowercase letter; otherwise the first person singular often appears to be part of the preceding word. It's pretty easy to be confused this way, especially since word spacing isn't always optimal in manuscripts, and in very early mss., there is no word spacing.</p>

<p>I can't give you an exact date for capital "I" becoming formal practice. I can tell you that "I" isn't capitalized in the Cotten manuscript of Layamon's Brut, which is roughly 1208, (where I is still often "ich") but it is capitalized by the late fourteenth century Auchinleck manuscript. These are the two extremes that I have readily at hand. <br />
</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 10, 2003 11:56 AM by Lisa Spangenberg&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20520</link>
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         <pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2003 11:56:41 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #6 from David Appleyard</title>
         <description>comment from David Appleyard on 10.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thank you for your comments about my "English Toolbox" 97 site stats led me to the URL for this fascinating forum and I hope you don't mind my dropping in. I'd like to contribute a fuller explanation for capitalization of "I" that I've found in an article by Mark Israel at <br />
http://www.alt-usage-english.org/excerpts/fxwhyisi.html<br />
Also, in response to Lisa, I believe that OE "I" was "ic" rather than "ich".</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 10, 2003  6:29 PM by David Appleyard&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20527</link>
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         <pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2003 18:29:08 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #7 from Lisa</title>
         <description>comment from Lisa on 10.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>In Layamon's Brut, it's ich. Really. I'm looking at photographs of the manuscript. </p>

<p>Now, I was referring to Middle English, not Old English, since Layamon is technically Middle English, but you <i>do</i> see ich in manuscript (not in nicely edited editions, mind, but in the manuscripts) of Old English texts. You'll even see ich listed as a dialect marker in Mosse9's Handbook for Middle English. Ich is the stressed form in the South, and in the Midlands (where the scribe who copied Layamon lived). Scribes, just in order to give people like me something to do, also use ih, i, I, ic, and y, and once printers got involved, printers even employed J and j for the first person singular pronoun.</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 10, 2003  8:46 PM by Lisa&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20529</link>
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         <pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2003 20:46:24 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #8 from David Appleyard</title>
         <description>comment from David Appleyard on 10.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>This tallies with what Mark Israel says: <br />
"In the northern and midland dialects of England the capitalized form "I" appeared about 1250.<br />
In the south of England, where Old English "ic"  early shifted in pronunciation to "ich" (by palatalization), the form "I" did not<br />
become established until the 1700s (although it appears sporadically before that time)."<br />
Dutch "ik" and German "ich" seem to have mirrored this development.<br />
</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 10, 2003 11:52 PM by David Appleyard&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20530</link>
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         <pubDate>Sat, 10 May 2003 23:52:55 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #9 from Teresa Nielsen Hayden</title>
         <description>comment from Teresa Nielsen Hayden on 11.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Lisa, I've seen <i>ich</i> times withouten nombre; also <i>hic</i> and <i>hi</i>.</p>

<p>Hic <i>hic</i>:<blockquote>Quanne hic se on rode<br />
Jhesu, my lemman, <br />
An besiden him stonden <br />
Marie an Johan,<br />
And his rig iswongen<br />
And his side istungen<br />
For the luve of man -<br />
Wel ou hic to wepen<br />
And sinnes forleten<br />
Yif hic of luve kan, <br />
Yif hic of luve kan, <br />
Yif hic of luve kan.</blockquote><i>Hic</i> and <i>hi</i> aren't mutually exclusive, as in this slightly different version of the same poem:<blockquote>Wenne Hic soe on rode idon<br />
Iesus mi leman,<br />
And bi him stonde<br />
Maria and Iohan,<br />
His herte duepe istunge,<br />
His bodi scurge issuenge<br />
For the sunne of man,<br />
Hithe Hi mai wepen<br />
And selte teres leten <br />
Ief Hic of luue chan.</blockquote>And in yet another penitential poem (they're a good place to find first-person pronouns), you get <i>hic</i>, <i>hi</i>, and <i>I</i> swapping off:<blockquote>Hayl Mari,<br />
Hic am sori;<br />
Haf pite9 of me and merci.<br />
Mi levedi,<br />
To thee I cri:<br />
For mi sinnis dred ham hi,<br />
Wen hi thenke that hi sal bi,<br />
That hi haf mis hi-don<br />
In worde, in worke, in thoith foli.<br />
Levedi, her mi bon.<br />
 <br />
Mi bon thu her,<br />
Levedi der,<br />
That hic aske wit reuful cher;<br />
Thu len me her<br />
Wil hic am fer.<br />
Do penanz in mi praier;<br />
Ne let me noth ler that thu ber<br />
At min endin day.<br />
The warlais, thai wil be her<br />
Forto take thair pray.</blockquote>Fun, yes?</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 11, 2003  3:27 PM by Teresa Nielsen Hayden&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20538</link>
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         <pubDate>Sun, 11 May 2003 15:27:22 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #10 from Teresa Nielsen Hayden</title>
         <description>comment from Teresa Nielsen Hayden on 11.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>David Appleyard, I'm entirely pleased to see you show up here. Be welcome. Stick around, if you have the time.</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 11, 2003  3:33 PM by Teresa Nielsen Hayden&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20539</link>
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         <pubDate>Sun, 11 May 2003 15:33:34 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #11 from David Appleyard</title>
         <description>comment from David Appleyard on 11.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Thanks, Teresa. You inspire me to consider adding a few milestones in the evolution of English to my site...when I get some time.</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 11, 2003 10:47 PM by David Appleyard&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20542</link>
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         <pubDate>Sun, 11 May 2003 22:47:34 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #12 from Teresa Nielsen Hayden</title>
         <description>comment from Teresa Nielsen Hayden on 12.May.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Naturally, for no good reason that I can see, I've just now happened to stumble upon yet another post-AngloSaxon first-person singular pronoun: <i>y</i>. This is from a dialogue between Christ and his mother:<blockquote>"Moder, nu y may the seyn,<br />
bettere is that ic one deye                                                    <br />
than al man-kyn to helle go."                                                 <br />
"Sune, y se thi bodi swngen,<br />
thi brest, thin hond, thi fot thur-stungen --<br />
no selli thou me be wo."<p>"Moder, if y dar the tellen,                                                   <br />
yif y ne deye thu gost to helle;<br />
hi thole this ded for thine sake."<br />
"Sune, thu best me so minde,                     <br />
with me nout; it is mi kinde<br />
that y for the sorye make."                                                   </p></blockquote>Note that this time around, <i>y</i>, <i>ic</i>, and <i>hi</i> are swapping off turns at being the singular first-person pronoun. If there's a rule for that, I can't divine it. </p>

<p>I must confess that I've never had enough difficulty with Middle English that I've had to take systematic notice of its grammar. I just read the stuff.</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted May 12, 2003 11:09 PM by Teresa Nielsen Hayden&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#20572</link>
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         <pubDate>Mon, 12 May 2003 23:09:39 -0500</pubDate>
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         <title>English Toolbox -- comment #13 from David Appleyard</title>
         <description>comment from David Appleyard on 13.Jul.03</description>
         <content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>My "English Toolbox" now has this new URL.</p>]]>
	 &lt;p&gt;Posted July 13, 2003  6:02 AM by David Appleyard&lt;/p&gt;</content:encoded>
         <link>http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#23616</link>
         <guid isPermaLink="true">http://nielsenhayden.com/makinglight/archives/002611.html#23616</guid>
         <pubDate>Sun, 13 Jul 2003 06:02:36 -0500</pubDate>
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