I recently got email from the inventor of Mafia (really!) and he gave permission for me to quote some of his comments on my web site. (http://eblong.com/zarf/werewolf.html#history) Cool the beans are, and so I serve them forth.

And another correspondent informs me that Mafia was a *television game show* on *Latvian state television* in the early 90s. Could anyone make this up?

Mafia is an awesome game; we played it all the time in the dorms a couple years ago. After so much playing, the basic game became boring, and we came up with many, many twists to it, including lots of roles pulled from various sources.

That link's from the livejournal we used for our decal (Student-run class) on Mafia and reading lies.

I like to think we have some of the most intricate Mafia games ever. I don't think they've gotten as large as 30 people, though. Isn't that a bit hard? Too many people to focus on? I think we decided the prime number was 8-10ish.

Have a great week.

There is a thriving strain of web-forum Mafia/Werewolf, which usually includes role-playing. That is, an agreed-on scenario, and everyone is assigned public character roles (in addition to the game-mechanic "good or evil" role). Stargate, Buffy, pick your theme. But it seems to be taken for granted that the scenario serves the needs of the Mafia game, not vice versa.

(Why, yes, I am a boring old stick-in-the-mud.)

-- The game has no element of luck. The civilians either interpret the clues correctly, or they die. The Mafiosi either move suspicion away from themselves, or they die. The angels have to determine how to pass their information without giving themselves away as angels or . . . you get the idea.* It has some of the attractions of poker -- you're trying to determine what the other players hold, while misleading them about your hand, but even the best poker player can have a lousy evening if the cards don't go his way.

-- Strategies are complex and shift as the situation changes. It's not the same thing every turn.

-- When you go to heaven, you get to watch the sinners below with full information. I suppose that isn't a plus if you're not the sort of person who enjoys the game.

-- It's a mystery-reasoning game that actually functions as such, unlike, to pick the most obvious example, Cluedo,** where the solution can't be pieced together from partial information -- either you somehow get access to all the cards, or you have to make a blind guess. (There have been several published games that tried to use the mystery-house format with more deduction -- particularly by making the killer an active player -- but they've all been rather clumsy, especially when they try to work without a neutral referee. Kill Doctor Lucky is a swell game, but it's not deductive at all.)

-- It's probably most like the parlor game "Murder," popular with the Algonquin Round Table crowd and raised to another level by Stephen Sondheim and Anthony Perkins,*** but not requiring a large house and an entire evening to play. "Murder" was extremely popular during the Jazz Age, but seems to have faded, probably due to a decline in Country House Weekends, or maybe the end of Prohibition. Home video and microwave popcorn might have helped, too.

*"Morte alla angeli cosanostra anela."

**Clue, if you live in a place where the reference doesn't work.

***No, I am not kidding.

Ah. I see the difficulty. Hadn't considered that.

I guess you (as the moderator / initial scenario-setting) want to draw
cards to assign game roles, and then start choosing the character
roles... but no, that doesn't work either.

What you actually want is to assign the character roles first, and
then draw cards for the good/evil roles. And if Harry Potter turns up
Evil, well, you *go* with it. Blame Polyjuice. (Or, better, let the
players blame Polyjuice.) It rather destroys the standard RPG model
where the gamemaster designs a story... but a lot of modern gamers
would say that model should have been destroyed to begin with.

Now I'm thinking that mechanics of collaborative storytelling *can* be
designed to fit this, and without breaking the underlying Mafia game.
The players, in the normal round of discussion and accusation, make
statements about what happened. "I saw Steve crawling out from behind
the third-floor wardrobe." Overturning someone's statement costs a
bean. (You might not be *contradicting* him -- you could explain why
he was mistaken, or why you were *really* crawling out from there.) If
your explanation involves someone else, that person gets the bean.
When lynching time comes around, everyone who was right (voted to kill
a guilty party, or voted against killing an innocent one) gets an
extra bean on the next day.

Or something like that. This is off the cuff, probably needs
modification. But the point is that the beans are there solely to keep
the story under control -- to prevent an infinite regress of
yes-you-were no-I-wasn't. They don't determine who is evil; that is a
predetermined fact, and when it becomes public, everyone knows which
tale was a lie.

Keeping precise track of The Facts is probably impossible, but how is
this different from any other RPG session? Never mind real life.

IIRC, Ngaio Marsh used a "Murder" party as a setup for a real murder in one of her novels. I don't remember the name of it off the top of my head, unfortunately, but it worked fairly well (lights go out, people run around, lights come on, one of party is dead-for-real).

I discovered that villagers have more to fear from their fellow villagers in the early rounds of the game than they do from the wolves. The wolves usually don't figure out who is the seer for several rounds, and the villagers are often overly quick to lynch their fellow villagers. This does two things that help the wolves: 1) it multiplies the risk of losing the seer each round; 2) it accelerates the increase per round in the odds the wolves will find the seer at night.

I was a villager eliminated in the first round in the first game I played. I was a villager eliminated in the third round in the second game I played (and the seer was eliminated by a lynching in the first round). I'm pretty familiar now with the degree with which the game can be fun for dead villagers to watch.

I came up with a novel strategy that I tried to play when it was my turn to offer a defense in the second game. I falsely confessed that I was a werewolf, and I proceeded to finger the people at the table I thought were the real wolves. I had hoped this would prompt somebody to start a discussion about my motives. I'm sorry to say this didn't work at all. The villagers were seized with a blood lust and lynched me without any discussion other than to laugh at me.

Oh, and for the record: I was right about one of the people I fingered as a wolf. It was still fun to play, and I learned to see the wolves as the good guys. Next time I play and I get dealt a villager card, I'm going to try to help the wolves kill as many villagers as possible. On general principle.

Villlagers. Must. Die.

Secondary caveat: I looked, both on the archives here and by googling, and found nothing. Possibly because I can't come up with a decent search string on google. "thing rules"? no.

So the question: are there rules for these games or variants (e.g. Werewolf) easily available online?

thank you, and I promise this question is being asked out of weak google-fu, rather than actual laziness.

Okay, how does that one go? It is a difficult thing to google for.

Varia:
are there rules for these games or variants (e.g. Werewolf) easily available online?

You could start by trying the links Teresa put in her post. Or go to Wikipedia and search "Werewolf" or "Mafia".

Hm. Is that this one? Murder in the Dark

Though I'm a little puzzled how that one is supposed to be a mystery. Doesn't the detective just accuse whoever is standing next to him? But maybe with the right embroidery it could be made to work.

Also, apologies to Varia -- I just reread the rules to Werewolf this afternoon, and was convinced I'd got them from a link from Making Light. But the link in the "Thing" post for "Mafia" turns out to be broken, so I guess I googled it after all. So try here: Werewolf

I have been tracking variants of the Mafia game for a while.

"Murder in the Dark" (as described) is a different principle; it's
based on physical evidence. You try to see who moved, who is standing
near who, etc. Same goes for the "winking" murder game. The key
principle of Mafia/Werewolf is its perfect circle: your claims and
accusations are based solely on what other people say -- on *their*
claims and accusations. (Thing falls into the same category, which is
why I list it as a variant.)

Well, since poker has no attractions for me.... (Or most game-playing in general.)

"Does Not Play Well With Others" is something one occasionally sees on other people's t-shirts. I should probably have it tattooed across my chest.

Part of this is that I've never developed any degree of aptitude for being actively misleading or deceitful. I suck at it. I can usually manage, when absolutely necessary, to be evasive, or elliptical, or (mostly) just keep my mouth shut. But telling a direct lie is almost impossible, and almost invariably is accompanied by weeks or months of guilt and shame. And when I find other people are lying to or deceiving me (or I think they are), I... ummm... don't like it. So I've never understood the appeal of games that involve lying, bluffing, or deceit. I have enough trouble coping with that in real life; I don't need to do it for fun.

I suppose part of the technique of successfully misleading is to speak from a frame of reference where what you are saying is true.

This seems to be how Republicans do it.

That's not entirely true of Clue(do), as it is also sometimes possible to draw conclusions based on what questions other players are asking. This would work better if the game didn't require you to move from room to room via dieroll.

Of the thematic deduction games I have played the one that does the best job of allowing players to reason from partial information is Mystery of the Abbey, which is essentially The Name of the Rose: the Boardgame. It is, granted, rather chaotic, and often requires playing hunches, but I like it. It is still a rather different experience from Mafia/Werewolf.

That was her first novel A Man Lay Dead (1934). There's another interesting Murder party in Carter Dickson's The Ten Teacups* (1937, US The Peacock Feather Murders), which doesn't feature an actual death but is central to the setup of the book's locked-room murder. I'll probably think of several more the moment I send this....

Apparently the idea is older than I thought: see here.

Dave

* "Of the Ten Teacups, of course I dare not say a word." -- G.K. Chesterton, The Club of Queer Trades

Needs work. Those of you who play these games, can you help?

Players gather and are dealt cards, one of which says, "You're the killer." Everybody else is a potential victim, unless another card designates a "Detective;" this person shows the card and sits out the next sequence somewhere he can't observe it. Lights are dimmed and everybody starts wandering around the house. It's possible, of course, to do the "safety in numbers" thing, but it's contrary to the spirit of the game, and will only prolong it. At some point the Killer finds a victim, and executes the crime with a tap on the shoulder or a note saying "Congratulations, you're dead." Victim falls dead, often being allowed to scream. When victim is located, everybody gathers and starts discussing the case. If there's a Detective, he organizes the questioning; if not, the other players take turns asking who-what-where etc. (At least there are no pesky motives.) Victim, of course, can't contribute at all and can start drinking at once. Lucky st-- uh, anyway, key point is that everyone except the Killer must tell the truth; the most fruitful approach, if you are not guilty, is to try and catch the Killer in a contradiction. Usually there's a set time for questioning. Then, either the Detective fingers his suspect or the players all vote. (Generally the Killer puts in a blank ballot.)

Sondheim has done elaborate variations on this, involving scripted plots and planted clues. There's a story that during one session, a player was trying to pry out a clue -- a Polaroid taped to the bathroom wall behind the sink trap -- and stood up to see Tony Perkins in the mirror, and hear the line, "I'm sorry, [person,] but I'm going to have to kill you now." Now that's entertainment. Recall that Sondheim and Perkins wrote The Last of Sheila, and you probably get a handle on the style of play.

*There should probably be a stage version, set at F.P.A.'s house (he had a big country place and loved doing this) with Parker and Benchley and the lot of them. (Once Harpo Marx was the killer. Unfortunately, he gave himself away by leaving a note that said "You are ded."[sic]) The obvious plot -- a real stiff -- is too obvious; it should just be a character comedy. But you all knew I was weird.

So when I played the murderer, I killed off several people in quick succession and then guessed somebody else as the murderer. Voila. I was dead, and everyone else died through attrition as they made guesses. Nobody thought to guess the dead people. (Next round, they added a new rule: the murderer had to be alive at the end to win. These were the same people who insisted on using the little check-off sheets to play Clue, so I wasn't very surprised.)

Mafia I was introduced to my freshman year of college, by some of the older physics majors. It was big in the science fiction society, too. One of the frequent players in that group did a formal study that demonstrated that in the first round, the villagers are far better off choosing their lynching victim at random than discussing it. Which makes sense -- the werewolf/mafia is around to deflect suspicion from themself, and the villagers don't have much information to draw on.

Does the fandom variant include the moderator coming up with descriptions of the horrible deaths of the villagers who perished in the night? That's always been one of my favorite bits.

Thanks, Dave. (I grew up with my mother's collection of Marsh, Allingham and Sayers. Agatha didn't do anything for me, unfortunately.)

At night, when everyone still has their eyes closed, the moderator
walks around the circle of players. (Being sure to make a complete
circuit.) He taps the appropriate person quietly on the shoulder.

I once was having coffee in an English hotel that had been largely taken over by one of these games. Out the window, in the courtyard, a chap in a black cape was having Words with an outraged Edwardian gentleman, while the paying customers looked on from the sidelines.

There have also been some staged at Mohonk Mountain House, with scripts and direction by Donald Westlake and his wife; one of these, Transylvania Station, had Steve King and Gahan Wilson participating. That one and at least one other were turned into books (with Wilson covers), though I'm not sure whether they were descriptions of the game or fictionalizations of the storyline.

I have no idea if a suitable location can be found for this at this date -- the Concourse isn't huge -- but if you're attending and interested, send me an e-mail and I'll try to get a coordinated list together, or at least figure out if there's a proper quorum manes.

(The latter are written as second-person narration, with the notional
listener being... I'm not sure who. A hypothetical person to whom the
character is introducing himself. It's a little weird. No, it's not
the same second-person model that text adventures use...)

The book also includes a quiz, leading up to "who's the murderer?"
Presumably you're supposed to be able to figure it out once you
correlate all the (limited-viewpoint) info from the character section.

At the end is a bit with all the answers, in the form of the What
Actually Happened explanation.

Second-person is what's normal in RPG writing ("You're an elf with
vast tracts of...") but this is first-person ("My name is Giddy
Newborn and I'm twenty years old...") Threw me off stride, anyway.

Teresa, I see you are at work suppressing your evil tendencies. Or making us think you are. Or making us think you think you are. Man, I love/hate recursion. =)

At last! I'm not the only one with the dirty little secret: I don't like Thing or Mafia either.
I played at VP, just to join in, but I couldn't force myself to exert any brain power to find out who was what. Frankly, Scarlett, I just don't give a damn about who's a Mafioso.

With that attitude, I was always one of the first two or three to die.

There's been some recent discussion and playtesting at BoardGameGeek, including one guy's suggestions for different rules that he reckons work better. (YMMV)

http://boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/925
http://boardgamegeek.com/forum/69/thing/925

BTW my research has lead me to discover that many Singaporeans play werewolf/mafia under the name of "Polar Bear". Seems an odd theme, would be easy to pick a polar bear from a bunch of hunters!

http://boardgamegeek.com/thread/365329