The study (which *did* use the improperly released NWA data, by the
way) had this to say about Census data:
This data set contains the responses from the 1990
decennial Census in the United States. The data has information on
both households and individuals. ..... Our data comes from the 5%
State public use microdata samples and we used the short variable
list [24].
Here's what the Minnesota Population Center has to say about their
dataset:
Most population data - especially historical census
data - have traditionally been available only in aggregated tabular
form. The IPUMS is microdata, which means that it provides
information about individual persons and households. This makes it
possible for researchers to create tabulations tailored to their
particular questions. Since the IPUMS includes nearly all the
detail originally recorded by the census enumerations, users can
construct a great variety of tabulations interrelating any desired
set of variables. The flexibility offered by microdata is
particularly important for historical research because the
aggregate tabulations produced by the Census Bureau are often not
comparable across time, and until recently the subject coverage of
census publications was limited.
Microdata do pose some limitations, however. For the
period since 1940 census microdata are subject to strict
confidentiality measures that limit their usefulness for some
applications. The IPUMS samples for these years include no names,
addresses or other potentially identifying information. To further
ensure that no individuals can be identified, the Census Bureau
limits the detail on place of residence, place of work, very high
incomes, and several other variables. Most important, the microdata
records for the period since 1940 identify no geographic areas with
fewer than 100,000 inhabitants (250,000 in 1960 and 1970).
Therefore the IPUMS is inappropriate for research that requires the
identification of specific small geographic areas in those census
years.
(Emphasis added)
So as far as I can tell, there is no evidence that the Census
department released inappropriate data to NASA for this project. It
may be that their confidentiality restrictions are insufficient --
see in particular the study's description of outliers in the census
dataset. But this dataset is available to anyone who wants it,
including you and me, and has at least been somewhat trimmed to
avoid privacy violations.
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