Foulques I "Le Reux"

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Abt 942

Notes:

Viscount of Angers, before 898-931×940; Count of Anjou, 931×940 (or 929)-after 941; Count of Nantes, 907×9-914×9; Viscount of Tours, before 905-before 909; Abbot of Saint-Aubin d'Angers and Saint-Lézin, before 924-after 941.

Also called Fulk the Red; Fulco Rufus.

Family/Spouse: Roscille. Roscille (daughter of Warnerius and Tescende) died after 929. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Between Sep 958 and Sep 960

Notes:

Count of Anjou. Common ancestor of William the Conqueror and his wife Maud.

Foulques married Gerberge in 937. Gerberge died before Sep 958. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Anjou; Count of Châlon.

Also called Geoffrey Greycloak; Gaufridus; Gauzfredus Grisegonella.

Died while besieging the fortress of Marçon.

Family/Spouse: Adélaïde. Adélaïde died after 999. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Geoffroi married Adèle of Troyes about 965. Adèle (daughter of Robert and Adelais) died after 6 Mar 974. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Gauthier I. Gauthier (son of Raoul de Gouy and (Unknown heiress of Ermenfrid, count of Amiens)) was born about 925; died between 992 and 998. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Vendôme.

Family/Spouse: Elisabeth. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

"Wife of four husbands, and the ancestress of important comital families through three of her marriages, Adélaïde, alias Blanche, was also briefly queen of France, and the mother of another French queen. Yet, in the early nineteenth century, scholars were still confused about her identity. Her story has to be pieced together from various records which, for example, mention an Alaiz, mother of count Pons de Gévaudan, or a Blanca, wife of Louis V, king of France, or an Adelaidis, cui prenomen erat Candida, mother of queen Constance, and only in hindsight is it clear that these records refer to the same woman. The discovery of the work of the historian Richer in the 1830's added a key piece to the puzzle by mentioning three of Adélaïde's marriages, but historians were slow to take advantage of the new information. Nevertheless, by the late nineteeth century, historians had accepted that Adélaïde, alias Blanche, daughter of Foulques II of Anjou, had been successively married to Étienne de Brioude (at the time often incorrectly called count of Gévaudan), king Louis V of France, and Guillaume I (or II) of Provence, and that she was the mother by the last of queen Constance, wife of king Robert II of France, although the marriage to Raymond of "Gothia" was still widely doubted. More recently, in the face of clear proof that Adélaïde was the mother of Guillaume "Taillefer", count of Toulouse, it has been recognized that her marriage to the obscure Raymond was genuine." [The Henry Project]

Family/Spouse: Etienne de Brioude. Etienne (son of Bertrand and Emilde) died between 970 and 975. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Adelaide-Blanche married Raymond de Toulouse about 975. Raymond died before 982. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Adelaide-Blanche married Louis V, King of Western Francia in 982 in Vieille-Brioude, Haute-Loire, France, and was divorced in 984. Louis (son of Lothair, King of Western Francia and Emma of Italy) was born in 966; died on 21 May 987. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Adelaide-Blanche married Guillaume I "le Liberateur" after 984. Guillaume (son of Boso and Constance) was born in 950; died after 29 Aug 993; was buried in Sarrians, Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Stewart Baldwin has pointed out that she was not the same individual as her sister Gerberge who married William IV of Angouleme, despite the contrary claim in several sources including Wikipedia, Ancestral Roots, and Leo van de Pas (the latter presumably deriving from Europa?ische Stammtafeln).

Ermengarde married Conan I "Le Tort" about 973. Conan (son of Juhel alias Bérenger) died on 27 Jun 992 in Conquereuil, near Nantes, Brittany, France; was buried in Mont Saint-Michel Abbey, Brittany, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

"The Black." Count of Anjou.

Died while returning from a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Family/Spouse: Elisabeth de Vendôme. Elisabeth (daughter of Bouchard and Elisabeth) died in Dec 999. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Foulques married Hildegarde de Lorraine after 1000. Hildegarde died on 1 Apr 1040 in Jerusalem. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Stewart Baldwin has pointed out that she was not the same individual as her sister Ermengarde who married Conan I, Count of Rennes, despite the contrary claim in several sources including Wikipedia, Ancestral Roots, and Leo van de Pas (the latter presumably deriving from Europa?ische Stammtafeln).

Family/Spouse: William IV of Angoulême. William (son of Arnald II "Manzer" of Angoulême and Raingarde) was born about 998; died in Mar 1028. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Vexin.

Family/Spouse: Adele. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Foulques III "Nerra". Foulques (son of Geoffroi I Grisegonelle and Adèle of Troyes) died on 21 Jun 1040 in Metz, Moselle, Lorraine, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 4 Mar 1019

Notes:

Count of Arles, 967. Marquess of Provence from before 967 to 993-94. ]

Family/Spouse: Gerberga of Mâcon. Gerberga (daughter of Otto-William of Burgundy and Ermentrude de Roucy) died between 1020 and 1023. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 986
• Alternate death: 25 Jul 1032, Château Melun, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France

Notes:

Also called Constance de Toulouse; Constance of Arles.

"Queen Constance was not someone to be caught with down a dark alley, or even a well-lit street -- she was a violent termagant who once poked out a priest's eye with a stick when undertaking crowd control at a heresy trial. She fomented war between her sons over the succession after Robert II's death." [Peter Stewart, SGM, 3 Jun 2022]

Constance married Robert II, King of France about May 1004. Robert (son of Hugues Capet, King of France and Adélaïde, Queen Consort of France) was born about 970-974 in Orléans, Loiret, France; died on 20 Jul 1031 in Château Melun, Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France, France; was buried in Abbey of Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Duke of Brittany.

Geoffroi married Hawise of Normandy between 996 and 999. Hawise (daughter of Richard I, Leader of the Normans of Rouen and Gunnor) died on 21 Feb 1034. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 16 Jun 1017

Notes:

Also called Judith de Rennes. Founded the abbey of Bernay, Normandy.

Judith married Richard II about 1000. Richard (son of Richard I, Leader of the Normans of Rouen and Gunnor) died on 23 Aug 1026 in Fécamp, Normandy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Countess of Vendôme.

Family/Spouse: Bodon de Nevers. Bodon (son of Landry de Maers and Matilda of Burgundy) died about 1023. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 21 Mar 1076

Notes:

Also called Ermengarde-Blanche.

Family/Spouse: Geoffroy III. Geoffroy (son of Hugues du Perche and Béatrix de Mâcon) died between 1042 and 1045. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Ermengarde married Robert I about 1048. Robert (son of Robert II, King of France and Constance of Provence, Queen Consort of France) was born about 1011; died on 21 Mar 1075. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Angoulême.

Family/Spouse: Pétronille d'Archiac. Pétronille (daughter of Mainard "le Riche" d'Archiac and Hildegarde) died before 24 Sep 1029. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Drogo of Mantes. Count of Valois and the Vexin.

Died on pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

Dreux married Godgifu of England about 1024. Godgifu (daughter of Æthelred II "Unræd", King of England and Emma of Normandy, Queen Consort of England; Queen Consort of Denmark and Norway) was born about 1010; died before 1049. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Provence.

Family/Spouse: Ermengarde. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Josfred. Count of Provence.

Family/Spouse: Etiennette. Etiennette died in 1095. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Advisa; Adele of France.

Hedwig married Renaud I de Nevers on 25 Jan 1016. Renaud (son of Landry de Maers and Matilda of Burgundy) was born about 990; died on 24 May 1040 in Sainte-Vertu, Burgundy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henri married Anne of Kiev, Queen Consort of France on 19 May 1051 in Rheims, Marne, Champagne-Ardenne, France. Anne (daughter of Yaroslav I "The Wise", Grand Prince of Kiev and Ingegerd (St. Anna) of Sweden) was born in 1036 in Kiev, Ukraine; died after 1075. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1003
• Alternate birth: Abt 1009, Ypres, Flanders
• Alternate death: Abt 1063

Notes:

Also called Adela; Aelis; Alais; Adelaide; Adelheid; Alix; Adela the Holy; Adela of Messines. Countess of Auxerre; Countess of Cotentin.

Adele married Richard III on 10 Jan 1027. Richard (son of Richard II and Judith of Brittany) was born in 1001; died on 5 Aug 1027. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Adele married Baldwin V in 1028 in Paris, France. Baldwin (son of Baldwin IV "The Bearded" and Otgiva of Luxembourg) was born about 1010; died on 1 Sep 1067; was buried in Lille, Nord, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 21 May 1076

Notes:

"The Old." Duke of Burgundy.

"In 1025, with the death of his eldest brother Hugh Magnus, he and Henry rebelled against their father and defeated him, forcing him back to Paris. In 1031, after the death of his father the king, Robert participated in a rebellion against his brother, in which he was supported by his mother, Constance of Arles. Peace was only achieved when Robert was given Burgundy (1032). Throughout his reign, he was little more than a robber baron who had no control over his own vassals, whose estates he often plundered, especially those of the Church. He seized the income of the diocese of Autun and the wine of the canons of Dijon. He burgled the abbey of St-Germain at Auxerre. In 1055, he repudiated his wife, Helie of Semur, and assassinated her brother Joceran and murdered her father, his father-in-law, Lord Dalmace I of Semur, with his own hands. In that same year, the bishop of Langres, Harduoin, refused to dedicate the church of Sennecy so as not "to be exposed to the violence of the duke." [Wikipedia]

Robert married Helie of Semur about 1033. Helie (daughter of Dalmas I of Semur and Aremburge de Vergy) was born about 1015; died after 1055 in Priory of the Holy Trinity of Marcigny-lès-Nonnains, Burgundy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Robert married Ermengarde of Anjou about 1048. Ermengarde (daughter of Foulques III "Nerra" and Hildegarde de Lorraine) was born about 1018; died on 18 Mar 1076. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Alain de Bretagne. Count of Rennes; Duke of Brittany. Died suddenly while besieging a rebel castle near Vimoutiers in Normandy. According to Orderic, he was poisoned by unnamed Normans.

Family/Spouse: Bertha of Blois. Bertha (daughter of Odo II and Ermengarde of Auvergne) died about 1080. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 7 Jan 1062

Notes:

Co-regent of Brittany. Also called Eudes de Penthievre.

Family/Spouse: Orguen. Orguen died after 1056. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: (Unknown mistress of Eudon of Brittany). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Sometimes called Judith. "As for Judith being the same person as Adelais, there is no reason to doubt this: she was recorded as Renaud's wife named Adelais in 1023, well before occurring with her mother's name Judith in 1037 (perhaps the alternative was used to distinguish her from her step-mother-in-law Adelais), and she was still living nearly two decades after Renaud's death." [Peter Stewart, citation details below.]

Adélaïde married Renaud I before 2 Nov 1023. Renaud (son of Otto-William of Burgundy and Ermentrude de Roucy) died in 1057. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

(Unknown married Baldwin IV "The Bearded" after Feb 1030. Baldwin (son of Arnulf II "The Young" and Rozala of Italy, Queen Consort of France) was born in 980; died on 29 May 1035; was buried in Abbey of Saint-Pierre, Ghent, Flanders. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 6 Aug 1027
• Alternate death: 6 Aug 1028

Notes:

Duke of Normandy.

Possibly poisoned after subduing a revolt by his brother.

Family/Spouse: (Unknown mistress of Richard III of Normandy). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Richard married St. Adele of France on 10 Jan 1027. Adele (daughter of Robert II, King of France and Constance of Provence, Queen Consort of France) was born between 1010 and 1015; died on 8 Jan 1079; was buried in Abbey of Messines, Ypres, Flanders. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 1035
• Alternate death: 22 Jul 1035

Notes:

"The Devil." Duke of Normandy.

Family/Spouse: Herleve. Herleve was born about 1003; died about 1050; was buried in Grestain Abbey, Fatouville-Grestain, Normandy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: (Unknown mistress of Robert I). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Vendôme.

Family/Spouse: Petronille de Châteaurenaud. Petronille (daughter of Gaucher II de Châteaurenaud) died on 1 Nov 1078. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Hildegarde married Josselin I de Courtenay about 1060. Josselin (son of Athon de Courtenay) was born about 1030; died in 1075. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Anjou 1067/1068-1109.

From Wikipedia: The nickname by which he is usually referred has no certain translation. Philologists have made numerous very different suggestions, including "quarreler", "rude", "sullen", "surly" and "heroic".

Family/Spouse: Hildegarde de Beaugency. Hildegarde (daughter of Lancelin de Beaugency and Alberge) died before 1070. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Fulk married Bertrade de Montfort in 1089, and was divorced about 1092. Bertrade (daughter of Simon I de Montfort l'Aumary and Agnès d'Évreux) was born about 1070; died between 1115 and 1117. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Hildegarde married Guy-Geoffrey of Poitou in 1069. Guy-Geoffrey (son of William III of Poitou and Agnes of Burgundy) was born about 1024; died on 25 Sep 1086 in Chizé, Deux-Sèvres, Poitou-Charentes, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Abt 1088

Notes:

Count of Angoulême.

Family/Spouse: Condoha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Living 1068.

Humberge married Adémar II de Limoges about 1030. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Ralph de Sudeley, Ralph of Mantes. Earl of Worcester; also said to have been Earl of Hereford.

From Wikipedia:

Ralph came to England with his uncle, the future King Edward the Confessor, in 1041. He attested three charters as earl in 1050, and his earldom was probably located in the east midlands, where the lands of his wife Gytha were located. He was a benefactor of Peterborough Abbey. When King Edward quarrelled with Earl Godwin in 1051, Ralph raised the levies of his earldom to support the king. Godwin and his sons were forced into exile, but they returned the following year, and Ralph and Earl Odda commanded the fleet raised to resist them, but they were unable to prevent their return in triumph.

Later in 1052 Godwin's son Sweyn died on pilgrimage to Jerusalem, and it was probably at this stage that Ralph was given Sweyn's earldom of Hereford, which included Oxfordshire. In 1055 Ælfgar, the earl of East Anglia, was exiled and allied himself with the ruler of Wales, Gruffydd ap Llywelyn. Ralph met them in battle on 24 October, but suffered a disastrous defeat, and the invaders sacked Hereford. It was later claimed that Ralph and his Frenchmen started the rout, resulting in his insulting nickname, 'The Timid'. Godwin's son, Harold, the future king, then chased the invaders back into Wales. Ralph died in his early thirties on 21 December 1057, and was buried in Peterborough Abbey.

Ann Williams suggested that Ralph probably lost his earldom to Harold after his defeat in 1055, but in the view of Frank Barlow he held it until his death. Ralph's son Harold was one of the royal children brought up by King Edward's wife, Edith. Ralph was on good terms with the Godwins, and his son may have been named after the future king and been his godson. Harold Godwinson may have been given the earldom of Hereford to hold until the Ralph's son came of age. The younger Harold survived the Conquest and later received part of his father's lands, as well as Ewyas Harold, which is named after him. His descendants are the Sudeleys of Toddington, Gloucestershire.

Family/Spouse: Gytha. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Provence.

Family/Spouse: Adelaide de Cavenez. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Provence, 1061-1093.

Bertrand married Mathilde in 1063. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Countess of Provence; Countess of Arles.

Ancestral Roots [111:26] gives her as a daughter of Fulk (Bertrand), Count of Provence, citing Europäische Stammtafeln, but the discussion in this SGM thread suggests that this is an error on ES's part and that she was, as most other sources have her, a daughter of Fulk (Betrand)'s father, Geoffrey I of Provence.

Family/Spouse: Gilbert of Gévauden. Gilbert (son of Berenger and Adele de Carlat) died in 1111. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Nevers.

Guillaume married Ermengarde de Tonnerre about 1039. Ermengarde (daughter of Renaud de Tonnerre) died before 1090. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Robert "The Burgundian." Died on the First Crusade.

Family/Spouse: Hawise de Sable. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Philippe married Bertha of Holland, Queen Consort of France in 1072. Bertha (daughter of Floris I of Holland and Gertrude of Saxony) was born about 1055; died on 30 Jul 1093 in Montreuil-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Philippe married Bertrade de Montfort in 1093. Bertrade (daughter of Simon I de Montfort l'Aumary and Agnès d'Évreux) was born about 1070; died between 1115 and 1117. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 18 Oct 1102, Tarsus, Cilicia

Notes:

Count of Crépy. Count of Vermandois and Valois. Duke of France.

Also called Hugh "Magnus".

The place where he died, in what is now south-central Turkey, is the same Tarsus as in "Saul of Tarsus," before he turned into St. Paul.

Post to SGM by Nathaniel Lane Taylor, 22 Jan 2004, about the battle in which Hugues died:

[I]t was I who first first posted the death date & circumstances on Hugh of Vermandois when I started this whole messy thread. But the 1101 date is clearly correct, because Hugh died of wounds after the battle in which a Crusader force was annihilated at Heraklea (Asia Minor) in late September of 1101. There is no mistaking the year, in the chronology of the first Crusade's aftermath. Runciman (2:28-29) does not provide a precise date for that battle, but it was one of three major failures of Western forces the Summer and Fall of 1101. See generally his History of the Crusades, vol. 2, chapter 2, "The Crusades of 1101." On the battle at Heraklea, he says:

"Early in September they [see below] entered Heraclea, which they found deserted as Konya had been. Just beyond the town flowed the river, one of the few Anatolian streams to flow abundantly throughout the summer. The Christian warriors, half-mad from thirst, broke their ranks to rush to the welcoming water. But the Turkish army lay concealed in the thickets on the river banks. As the crusaders surged on in disorder, the Turks sprang out on them and surrounded them. There was no time to reform ranks. Panic spread through the Christian army. Horsemen and infantry were mixed in a dreadful stampede; and as they stumbled in their attempt to flee they were slaughtered by the enemy. The duke of Aquitaine, followed by one of his grooms, cut his way out and rode into the mountains. After many days of wandering through the passes he found his way to Tarsus. Hugh of Vermandois was badly wounded in the battle; but some of his men rescued him and he too reached Tarsus. But he was a dying man. His death took place on 18 October and they buried him there in the Cathedral of St Paul. He never fulfilled his vow to go to Jerusalem. Welf of Bavaria only escaped by throwing away all his armor. After several weeks he arrived with two or three attendants at Antioch. Archbishop Thiemo [of Salzburg] was taken prisoner and martyred for his faith. The fate of the Margravine of Austria is unknown. Later legends said that she ended her days a captive in a far-off harem, where she gave birth to the Moslem hero Zengi. More probably she was thrown from her litter in the panic and trampled to death."

Runciman cites Albert of Aachen, 8.34-40 (pp. 579-82 in the edition he cites); and Ekkehard, 24-26 (pp. 30-32), among other material on the legend of the the Margravine of Austria, etc.

It is PNH's contention that this Hugh le Grand is the exact bellybutton of the Middle Ages. His father was a king of France; his mother was one of the daughters of Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev; and his daughter Isabel married, as her first husband, one of the Conqueror's proven companions at Hastings. Another daughter, Agnes, married a marcher lord of northern Italy. Through his mother he was also descended from three canonized Kievan saints and two kings of Sweden. He married the last member of the Carolingian dynasty. He died on Crusade. He was called Hugues le Grand. Case closed.

Hugues married Adèle de Vermandois about 1080. Adèle (daughter of Herbert IV and Adela of Vexin) died in 1120; was buried on 28 Sep 1120 in Vermandois, Aisne, Picardy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 17 Jul 1070

Notes:

Count/Marquess of Flanders and (as Baldwin I) Count of Hainaut.

Baldwin married Richilde of Hainaut about 1055. Richilde was born between 1015 and 1020; died on 15 Mar 1086; was buried in Abbey of Hasnon, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 3 Nov 1083

Notes:

She was about four feet tall, probably accounting for the short stature reported of some of her children, notably including Robert "Curthose" and probably including William Rufus as well.

Matilda married William I, King of England about 1050. William (son of Robert I and Herleve) was born in 1027-1028 in Falais, Calvados, Normandy, France; died on 9 Sep 1087 in St. Gervais, near Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Flanders.

Robert married Gertrude of Saxony in 1063. Gertrude (daughter of Bernard II and Eilika of Schweinfurt) was born about 1030; died on 4 Aug 1113. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Called "The Gallant" (le Damoiseau).

Family/Spouse: (Unknown wife of Henry I of Burgundy). (Unknown died after 5 Jul 1074; was buried in Besançon, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 1093

Constance married Alfonso VI, King of Leon, Castile, and Galicia in 1079. Alfonso (son of Ferdinand I, King of Leon and Sancha of Leon) was born about 1039; died on 1 Jul 1109 in Toledo, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain; was buried in Royal Monastery of San Benito, Sahagun, León, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Hereditary Duchess of Brittany.

Hawise married Hoël II of Cornouaille in 1066. Hoël (son of Alain Canhiart and Judith of Nantes) was born about 1031; died on 13 Apr 1084; was buried in Abbey of Sainte-Croix de Quimperlé, Brittany, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 21 Apr 1136

Notes:

Count of Brittany; Count of Treguier and Lamballe. Also called Étienne of Brittany; Étienne de Penthievre.

Founder of the Augustinian abbey of Ste. Croix at Guincamp abt 1110. Founder of the Cistercian abbey of Begard.

Family/Spouse: Hawise. Hawise died after 1135. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Enisan Musard. Enisan died between 1121 and 1130. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Burgundy and, from 1078, Count of Mâcon.

Called "tête hardie", "the rash" or "the stubborn".

William married Stephanie between 1049 and 1057. Stephanie died after 1092. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Countess of Northumbria; later Duchess of Bavaria.

Given in Ancestral Roots, 8th ed., as a daughter of Richard III, Duke of Normandy, and Adele of France, but Stewart Baldwin's overview of the evidence at The Henry Project demonstrates that she was almost certainly a daughter of Baldwin IV's second marriage to an unknown sister of Richard's.

Judith married Tostig Godwinson before Sep 1051. Tostig (son of Godwin and Gytha Thorsgilsdottir) died on 25 Sep 1066. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Judith married Welf I of Bavaria in 1071. Welf (son of Albert Azzo II and Kunigunde of Altdorf) died on 6 Nov 1101 in Paphos, Cyprus; was buried in Weingarten Abbey, Ravensburg, Upper Swabia, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Possibly named Alice, Adeliza, etc. AR calls her "Alice of Normandy."

Family/Spouse: Ranulph. Ranulph (son of Anschitil) died after 1047. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: 1027

Notes:

Duke of Normandy 1028-1087; King of England 1066-1087.

William married Matilda of Flanders, Queen Consort of England about 1050. Matilda (daughter of Baldwin V and St. Adele of France) was born in 1032; died on 2 Nov 1083; was buried in Abbey of Sainte-Trinitie, Caen, Calvados, Normandy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Bef 1035
• Alternate death: Bef 1096

Notes:

Countess of Aumale.

Also called Aelidis; Adeliza; Adelisa; Adelidis.

Definitely a daughter of Robert I, Duke of Normandy; probably by his mistress Herleve/Arlette, but possibly by a different mistress.

"Adelaide or Adeliz, sister ot William the Conqueror, being illeg. da. of Robert, Duke of the Normans, by Herleve or Harlotte, da. of Fulbert or Robert, a pelliparius of Falaise, is mentioned in Domesday as Comitissa de Albamarla and as holding some manors in Essex and Suffolk. In 1082, William, King of the English, and Maud, his wife, gave to the Abbey of La Trinité at Caen the bourg of Le Homme (de Hulmo) in the Cotentin, "sed et Comitissa A. de Albamarla concedente eo videlicet pacto ut ipsa teneret in vita sua." (") Adelaide m., 1stly, Enguerrand II, Count of Ponthieu, who d. s.p.m., being slain in 1053. She m., 2ndly, Lambert, Count of Lens in Artois, who d. s.p.m., being slain in 1054. She m., 3rdly, Eudes, the disinherited Count of Champagne, who had taken refuge in Normandy. She d. before 1090. Her husband obtained Holderness after the date of Domesday. Having conspired against William II in 1094, he was imprisoned in 1096. He occurs as Comes Odo in the Lindsay Survey (1115-18)." [Complete Peerage I:351-52]

Family/Spouse: Enguerrand II. Enguerrand (son of Hugh II of Ponthieu and Bertha of Aumale) died on 25 Oct 1053 in Arques, Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alice married Lambert II of Boulogne in 1054. Lambert (son of Eustace I and Mathilde of Louvain) died in 1054 in Phalempin, Nord, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alice married Eudes in 1060. Eudes (son of Stephen II and Adela) died between Jan 1096 and 2 Aug 1107. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Countess of Vendôme.

Euphrosyne married Geoffrey de Preuilly dit Jourdan before 1090. Geoffrey (son of Geoffrey II de Preuilly and Almodis de Blois) was born about 1065; died on 17 May 1102 in Ramla, Palestine. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Geoffrey II de Joinville. Geoffrey (son of Geoffrey I de Joinville and Blanche de Reynel) was born about 1045; died about 1100. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Ermengarde married Alain Fergant in 1093. Alain (son of Hoël II of Cornouaille and Hawise of Rennes) was born about 1066; died on 13 Oct 1119. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: 1092
• Alternate death: 13 Nov 1143, Acre, Palestine
• Alternate death: 10 Nov 1144, Jerusalem

Notes:

Count of Anjou 1109-1129; Count of Maine (jure uxoris) 1110-1129.

Fulk married Eremburge de la Flèche in 1110. Eremburge (daughter of Helie de la Flèche and Matilde de Chateau-du-Loir) died in 1126. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Fulk married Melisende de Réthel on 2 Jun 1129. Melisende (daughter of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene) was born about 1103; died on 11 Sep 1161. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 10 Feb 1127

Notes:

Also called Guilhèm de Peitieus; Guillaume de Poitiers. Duke of Aquitaine; also, as William VII, Count of Poitou. A leader of the Crusade of 1101, he is much more famous as the first troubador poet whose work has survived.

"Ab la dolcher del temps novel"
By William IX, Duke of Aquitaine

Out of the sweetness of the spring,
The branches leaf, the small birds sing,
Each one chanting in its own speech,
Forming the verse of its new song,
Then is it good a man should reach
For that for which he most does long.

From finest sweetest place I see
No messenger, no word for me,
So my heart can't laugh or rest,
And I don't dare try my hand,
Until I know, and can attest,
That all things are as I demand.

This love of ours it seems to be
Like a twig on a hawthorn tree
That on the tree trembles there
All night, in rain and frost it grieves,
Till morning, when the rays appear
Among the branches and the leaves.

So the memory of that dawn to me
When we ended our hostility,
And a most precious gift she gave,
Her loving friendship and her ring:
Let me live long enough, I pray,
Beneath her cloak my hand to bring.

I've no fear that tongues too free
Might part me from Sweet Company,
I know with words how they can stray
In gossip, yet that's a fact of life:
No matter if others boast of love,
We have the loaf, we have the knife!

Translated by A. S. Kline. © 2009; All Rights Reserved. This work may be freely reproduced, stored, and transmitted, electronically or otherwise, for any non-commercial purpose.

"For any of the later Provençals, i.e., the high-brows, we have to...'put ourselves into the Twelfth Century' etc. Guillaume, writing a century earlier, is just as much of our age as of his own."
[Ezra Pound, The Spirit of Romance]

And Poictiers, you know, Guillaume Poictiers,
had brought the song up out of Spain
with the singers and viels...
[Ezra Pound, Canto VIII]

He is also remembered for his specularly public affair with a woman named Dangereuse, the wife of his vassal Aimery I of Châtellerault. Aside from its interest as pure medieval melodrama, he was the paternal grandfather of Eleanor of Aquitaine, and Dangereuse was Eleanor's maternal grandmother.

Family/Spouse: Dangereuse. Dangereuse was born about 1079; died after 1119. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

William married Philippa of Toulouse in 1094. Philippa (daughter of William IV of Toulouse and Emma of Mortain) died on 28 Nov 1117. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called William Taillefer III. Count of Angoulême.

Family/Spouse: Vitapoy de Benauges. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Ebles I de Ventadour. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Aft 1114

Notes:

Also called Harold de Sudeley. Founder of the priory at Ewyas, 1100.

Family/Spouse: Maud. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Armengol IV. Armengol (son of Armengol III and Clemenicia de Bigorre) was born about 1056; died on 28 Mar 1092. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Cecilia married Bernard Ato V in 1083. Bernard (son of Raimond Bernard Trencavel and Ermengarde of Carcassonne) was born in 1066; died in 1129. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Raymond de Baux. Raymond (son of Guillaume-Hugues de Baux and Vierne) died before Sep 1150 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Countess of Provence.

Dulce married Ramon III Berenguer on 3 Feb 1112. Ramon (son of Ramon II Berenguer and Mahalta of Apulia) was born on 11 Nov 1082 in Rodez, France; died on 23 Jan 1131 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 14 Oct 1098

Ermengarde married Hubert de Beaumont on 6 Dec 1067. Hubert (son of Raoul de Beaumont and Emma de Montevrault) died before 1095. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Comte de Nevers et d'Auxerre.

Family/Spouse: Agnès de Beaugency. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Ita-Raimonde de Lyon. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Comte de Tonnerre. Living 1063.

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Renaud de Craon. Seigneur de Craon.

Renaud married Agnes de Craon before 3 Mar 1070. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Bohemund I, Prince of Antioch; Prince of Tarente. Bohemund (son of Robert Guiscard and Alberade di Buonalberga) was born in 1058; died on 3 Mar 1111. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

"The Fat."

Louis married Alix of Savoy, Queen Consort of France in Mar 1115 in Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, France. Alix (daughter of Umberto II of Savoy and Gisela of Burgundy) was born about 1092; died on 18 Nov 1154; was buried in Abbey Church of Saint Pierre, Montmartre, Paris, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Killed in battle.

Fleury married (Unknown) de Nangis about 1110. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Bef Jul 1147

Notes:

Countess of Leicester. Also called Elizabeth de Vermandois.

Royal Ancestry says she was living c. 1138 and that she died "13 (or 17) February, sometime before June 1147, when her son, William de Warenne, 3rd Earl of Surrey, left on crusade." Several sources say she died in the priory of Lewes, Sussex.

Via her two husbands and thirteen children, descent from her is so common among modern people with traceable medieval ancestry that Douglas Richardson once jokingly asserted the existence of an exclusive lineage organization called the Society of Non-Descendants of Isabel de Vermandois. Of the 19 root people in this database with demonstrable descent from any monarch, only three would be eligible for membership in such a group.

Isabel married Robert of Meulan in 1096. Robert (son of Roger "Barbatus" de Beaumont and Adeline de Meulan) was born about 1046 in Beaumont-le-Roger, Eure, Normandy, France; died on 5 Jun 1118; was buried in Abbey St. Pierre, Preaux, Eure, Normandy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Isabel married William II de Warenne after 5 Jun 1118. William (son of William de Warenne and Gundred of Flanders) was born about 1071; died on 11 May 1138; was buried in Lewes Priory, Sussex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Hugh de Gournay. Hugh (son of Gerard de Gournay and Ediva de Warenne) was born about 1091 in of Gournay-en-Brie, Normandy, France; died in 1181. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Agnes married Boniface del Vasto after 1111. Boniface (son of Otto of Savona and Bertha of Turin) was born about 1060; died between 1125 and 1130. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Raoul I de Beaugency. Raoul (son of Lancelin de Beaugency and Alberge) was born about 1065; died about 1115. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 1099

Notes:

Count of Hainaut from 1071 on. "Baldwin joined the First Crusade in the company of Godfrey of Bouillon (rather than with his nearer relative Robert II of Flanders, whose family was still at odds with his own), after selling some of his property to the Bishopric of Liege. In 1098 he was sent back to Constantinople with Hugh of Vermandois after the siege of Antioch, to seek assistance from Byzantine emperor Alexius I. However, Baldwin disappeared during a raid by the Seljuk Turks in Anatolia, and was presumably killed." [Wikipedia]

Baldwin married Ida of Louvain in 1084. Ida (daughter of Henry II of Louvain and Adelheid) was born in of Louvain, Brabant, Belgium; died in 1139. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also calle Adelida; Adeliza. Died as a nun.

Notes:

"Cecilia was given as an oblate to Ste Trinité in 1066, professed in 1075, became abbess in 1113, and died in 1126." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

Notes:

"A daughter Matilda is known from a reference in Domesday Book". [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1054
• Alternate death: 10 Feb 1134, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales
• Alternate death: 11 Feb 1134, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales

Notes:

Duke of Normandy. Eldest child of William the Conqueror.

"Orderic Vitalis describes Robert as 'talkative...with a clear, cheerful voice and a fluent tongue. Round-faced, short and stout, he was commonly nicknamed Gambaron ("Fat Legs") and Curta Ocrea ("Short Boots")' [Ordericus Vitalis, Eccl. hist., 2.356], and it is Curthose, the Norman-French version of the latter name, as used by Wace, that has become attached to Robert's name." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

"Probably in 1078, when Robert would have been about twenty-five, Rufus eighteen, and Henry ten, they were with their father at L'Aigle, on the south-east frontier of Normandy, when he was about to attack one of his neighbours. The two younger sons were lodging with the king in the house of the merchant Gunher, while Robert, who had his own household, was quartered on another burgess. Rufus and Henry paid Robert a visit, went upstairs, began to play dice, 'as soldiers do', made a great commotion and then urinated on the heads of Robert and his friends. Robert dashed upstairs to punish his juniors, and the brawl was so fierce that it brought the king onto the scene. He restored order and forced them to make friends. But Robert had lost face, and the following night he and his companions decamped and made for Rouen, probably about one day's forced march away, where they tried to seize the keep. When they failed and the king ordered their arrest, they fled from Normandy. In the following year both Rufus and his father were wounded when they attempted to expel Robert from the fortified town of Gerberoi, where he was living as a robber baron, and, since the father's wound was inflicted by Robert himself, this incident probably determined Rufus's future." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entry on William Rufus]

"Robert was still estranged in September 1087 when his father lay on his deathbed. William had made no explicit arrangements for the succession beyond the designation of Robert as his heir in Normandy. The De obitu Willelmi, a not altogether reliable source which is largely copied from Carolingian exemplars, suggests that the Conqueror intended to disinherit Robert completely and was only persuaded against this course by the archbishop of Rouen. Robert himself may have expected to succeed his father in all the latter's lands, but ducal practice, dating back to the time of Robert's great-grandfather, Duke Richard (II), indicated that all sons should have some share in the inheritance. In the event William Rufus was dispatched to rule England with a letter addressed to Archbishop Lanfranc, and Robert was summoned from Abbeville to succeed only in Normandy." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

Robert married Sibyl of Conversano in Sep 1100 in Italy. Sibyl (daughter of Goffredo of Conversano) died in 1103. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Killed in a hunting accident.

Notes:

Killed by an arrow while hunting in the New Forest. Never married.

Constance married Alain Fergant in 1086. Alain (son of Hoël II of Cornouaille and Hawise of Rennes) was born about 1066; died on 13 Oct 1119. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1067
• Alternate death: 8 Mar 1138, Convent of Marcigny-sur-Loire, France

Notes:

Also called Adele of England.

Adela married Etienne Henri in 1080 in Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Beauce, Centre, France. Etienne (son of Thibaut III and Garsinda of Maine) was born in 1046; died on 19 May 1102 in Ramallah, Palestine. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Between May and Sep 1068, Selby, Yorkshire, England
• Alternate birth: Between Feb and May 1069, Selby, Yorkshire, England
• Alternate birth: 1068-1069
• Alternate birth: 1068-1069

Notes:

Called "Beauclerc" by later historians, but not during his lifetime.

Died after eating lampreys, which had been forbidden to him by his physician. Body buried at Reading Abbey, England. Entrails buried at Port-du-Salut Abbey, France. The Middle Ages: weird.

Family/Spouse: (Unknown mistress or mistresses of Henry I). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Nest ferch Rhys. Nest (daughter of Rhys ap Tewdyr, King of Deheubarth and Gwladus ferch Rhiwallon) was born about 1085; died before 1136. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Sybil Corbet. Sybil (daughter of Robert Corbet) died after 1157. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Edith Forne. Edith (daughter of Forne) died in 1152. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Matilda of Scotland, Queen Consort of England on 11 Nov 1100. Matilda (daughter of Malcolm III Canmore, King of Scotland (Alba) and St. Margaret of Scotland) was born in 1079; died on 1 May 1118 in Westminster, Middlesex, England; was buried in St. Peter's, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Alice of Louvain, Queen Consort of England on 29 Jan 1121 in Windsor, Berkshire, England. Alice (daughter of Godfrey I of Brabant and Ida of Chiny and Namur) was born about 1103; died on 25 Mar 1151 in Afflighem Abbey, Brabant, Belgium; was buried in Reading Abbey, Berkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Adele married St. Canute IV, King of Denmark about 1081. Canute (son of Swein II Estridsson, King of Denmark) was born about 1043; died on 10 Jul 1086. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Gertrude married Henry III of Louvain about 1090. Henry (son of Henry II of Louvain and Adelheid) died in 1095 in Tournai, Hainaut, Belgium. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Gertrude married Thierri II of Lorraine between 1095 and 1096. Thierri (son of Gerard of Lorraine and Hedwig of Namur) died in 1115. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Guy III de Vignory. Guy (son of Guy II de Vignory and Hildegarde) died before 1126. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Eudes Borel "the Red". Duke of Burgundy.

Odo married Sibylla of Burgundy in 1080. Sibylla (daughter of William I "The Great" of Burgundy and Stephanie) was born in 1065; died in 1101. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Portugal.

Henry married Teresa of León And Castile in 1093. Teresa (daughter of Alfonso VI, King of Leon, Castile, and Galicia and Ximena Moniz) was born about 1080; died on 11 Nov 1130. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: 1082

Notes:

Countess of Galicia 1093; heiress presumptive in 1108. Queen in her own right of Galicia, Castile, Leon, and Toledo, 1 Jul 1109.

Urraca married Raymond of Burgundy between Dec 1092 and Jan 1093 in Toledo, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Raymond (son of William I "The Great" of Burgundy and Stephanie) was born about 1060; died on 26 Mar 1107; was buried in Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Duke of Brittany 1084 until his abdication in 1112. Count of Nantes; Count of Rennes.

Alain married Constance in 1086. Constance (daughter of William I, King of England and Matilda of Flanders, Queen Consort of England) was born in 1061; died on 13 Aug 1090; was buried in St. Melans, Rhedon, Brittany, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Alain married Ermengarde of Anjou in 1093. Ermengarde (daughter of Fulk IV "Le Rechin" and Hildegarde de Beaugency) was born about 1066; died about 1146. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Maud married Walter de Gant before 1120. Walter (son of Gilbert I de Gant and Alice de Montfort) was born in of Folkingham, Bourne, Lincolnshire, England; died in 1139 in Bardney Abbey, Yorkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Theophania de Penthievre.

Family/Spouse: Rabel de Tancarville. Rabel (son of William de Tancarville and Maud d'Arques) was born in of Tancarville, Normandy, France; died in 1140. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Henri de Fougères. Henri (son of Raoul I de Fougères and Avice fitz Richard) died about 1150 in Savigny Abbey, Normandy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

"The Black." Count of Brittany. Earl of Richmond.

Alan married Bertha of Brittany about 1137. Bertha (daughter of Conan III of Brittany and Maud fitz Roy) was born about 1119; died between 1162 and 1167. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Roald fitz Harscod. Roald (son of Harscod) died between 1152 and 1158. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Aft 1105

Ermentrude married Thierry I of Bar-le-Duc about 1065. Thierry (son of Louis de Montbéliard and Sophie of Bar) was born about 1045; died on 2 Jan 1105. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1070, Besançon, France
• Alternate death: 13 Sep 1107, Grajal de Campos, León, Spain
• Alternate death: 20 Sep 1107, Grajal de Campos, León, Spain

Raymond married Urraca, Queen of Galicia, Castile, Leon, and Toledo between Dec 1092 and Jan 1093 in Toledo, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Urraca (daughter of Alfonso VI, King of Leon, Castile, and Galicia and Constance of Burgundy) was born on 24 Jun 1081 in León, León, Spain; died on 8 Mar 1126 in Saldaña, Palencia, Castilla-Leon, Spain; was buried in Monastery of San Isidoro, León, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count Palatine of Burgundy; Count of Mâcon and Vienne. Called (like his father) "tête hardie", "the rash" or "the stubborn".

Fought in the Crusade of 1101, helping with the capture of Ancyra and fighting in the disastrous Battle of Mersivan, from which he barely escaped.

Family/Spouse: Beatrix. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Aft 1103

Notes:

Also called Matilda.

Sibylla married Odo I of Burgundy in 1080. Odo (son of Henry I of Burgundy and (Unknown wife of Henry I of Burgundy)) was born about 1060; died on 23 Mar 1103 in Cilicia, Anatolia. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Born Guy de Burgundy.

From Wikipidia:

In 1120 Calixtus II issued the papal bull Sicut Judaeis (Latin: "As the Jews") setting out the official position of the papacy regarding the treatment of Jews. It was prompted by the First Crusade, during which over five thousand Jews were slaughtered in Europe. The bull was intended to protect Jews and echoed the position of Pope Gregory I that Jews were entitled to "enjoy their lawful liberty." The bull forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert, from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries.

It was later reaffirmed by popes Alexander III, Celestine III (1191-1198), Innocent III (1199), Honorius III (1216), Gregory IX (1235), Innocent IV (1246), Alexander IV (1255), Urban IV (1262), Gregory X (1272 & 1274), Nicholas III, Martin IV (1281), Honorius IV (1285-1287), Nicholas IV (1288-92), Clement VI (1348), Urban V (1365), Boniface IX (1389), Martin V (1422), and Nicholas V (1447).

Notes:

Marchioness of Montferrat.

Gisela married Umberto II of Savoy about 1090. Umberto (son of Amadeo II of Savoy and Joan of Geneva) died on 14 Oct 1103. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Gisela married Rainier of Montferrat in 1105. Rainier (son of William IV of Montferrat and Otta di Aglié) was born about 1084; died before 1137. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Clementia married Godfrey I of Brabant after 1119. Godfrey (son of Henry II of Louvain and Adelheid) was born about 1060 in Louvain, Brabant, Belgium; died on 25 Jan 1139 in Jerusalem. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: 1075

Notes:

Duke of Bavaria. Called "The Black."

Henry married Wulfhilde of Saxony about 1100. Wulfhilde (daughter of Magnus of Saxony and Sophia of Hungary) was born about 1075; died on 29 Dec 1126 in Weingarten Abbey, Ravensburg, Upper Swabia, Germany. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Sometimes also called Ranulph le Meschin, but that seems to have originally been applied to his son, as "meschin" means "younger" or "junior." Vicomte de Bessin; Count of Bayeux.

"The Bessin is an area in Normandy, France, corresponding to the territory of the Bajocasses tribe of Gaul who also gave their name to the city of Bayeux, central town of the Bessin. [...] The Bessin corresponds to the former diocese of Bayeux, which was incorporated into the Calvados département following the French Revolution." [Wikipedia]

Family/Spouse: Margaret d'Avranches. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also calle Adelida; Adeliza. Died as a nun.

Notes:

"Cecilia was given as an oblate to Ste Trinité in 1066, professed in 1075, became abbess in 1113, and died in 1126." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

Notes:

"A daughter Matilda is known from a reference in Domesday Book". [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1054
• Alternate death: 10 Feb 1134, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales
• Alternate death: 11 Feb 1134, Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales

Notes:

Duke of Normandy. Eldest child of William the Conqueror.

"Orderic Vitalis describes Robert as 'talkative...with a clear, cheerful voice and a fluent tongue. Round-faced, short and stout, he was commonly nicknamed Gambaron ("Fat Legs") and Curta Ocrea ("Short Boots")' [Ordericus Vitalis, Eccl. hist., 2.356], and it is Curthose, the Norman-French version of the latter name, as used by Wace, that has become attached to Robert's name." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

"Probably in 1078, when Robert would have been about twenty-five, Rufus eighteen, and Henry ten, they were with their father at L'Aigle, on the south-east frontier of Normandy, when he was about to attack one of his neighbours. The two younger sons were lodging with the king in the house of the merchant Gunher, while Robert, who had his own household, was quartered on another burgess. Rufus and Henry paid Robert a visit, went upstairs, began to play dice, 'as soldiers do', made a great commotion and then urinated on the heads of Robert and his friends. Robert dashed upstairs to punish his juniors, and the brawl was so fierce that it brought the king onto the scene. He restored order and forced them to make friends. But Robert had lost face, and the following night he and his companions decamped and made for Rouen, probably about one day's forced march away, where they tried to seize the keep. When they failed and the king ordered their arrest, they fled from Normandy. In the following year both Rufus and his father were wounded when they attempted to expel Robert from the fortified town of Gerberoi, where he was living as a robber baron, and, since the father's wound was inflicted by Robert himself, this incident probably determined Rufus's future." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, entry on William Rufus]

"Robert was still estranged in September 1087 when his father lay on his deathbed. William had made no explicit arrangements for the succession beyond the designation of Robert as his heir in Normandy. The De obitu Willelmi, a not altogether reliable source which is largely copied from Carolingian exemplars, suggests that the Conqueror intended to disinherit Robert completely and was only persuaded against this course by the archbishop of Rouen. Robert himself may have expected to succeed his father in all the latter's lands, but ducal practice, dating back to the time of Robert's great-grandfather, Duke Richard (II), indicated that all sons should have some share in the inheritance. In the event William Rufus was dispatched to rule England with a letter addressed to Archbishop Lanfranc, and Robert was summoned from Abbeville to succeed only in Normandy." [Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]

Robert married Sibyl of Conversano in Sep 1100 in Italy. Sibyl (daughter of Goffredo of Conversano) died in 1103. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Killed in a hunting accident.

Notes:

Killed by an arrow while hunting in the New Forest. Never married.

Constance married Alain Fergant in 1086. Alain (son of Hoël II of Cornouaille and Hawise of Rennes) was born about 1066; died on 13 Oct 1119. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1067
• Alternate death: 8 Mar 1138, Convent of Marcigny-sur-Loire, France

Notes:

Also called Adele of England.

Adela married Etienne Henri in 1080 in Chartres, Eure-et-Loir, Beauce, Centre, France. Etienne (son of Thibaut III and Garsinda of Maine) was born in 1046; died on 19 May 1102 in Ramallah, Palestine. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Between May and Sep 1068, Selby, Yorkshire, England
• Alternate birth: Between Feb and May 1069, Selby, Yorkshire, England
• Alternate birth: 1068-1069
• Alternate birth: 1068-1069

Notes:

Called "Beauclerc" by later historians, but not during his lifetime.

Died after eating lampreys, which had been forbidden to him by his physician. Body buried at Reading Abbey, England. Entrails buried at Port-du-Salut Abbey, France. The Middle Ages: weird.

Family/Spouse: (Unknown mistress or mistresses of Henry I). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Nest ferch Rhys. Nest (daughter of Rhys ap Tewdyr, King of Deheubarth and Gwladus ferch Rhiwallon) was born about 1085; died before 1136. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Sybil Corbet. Sybil (daughter of Robert Corbet) died after 1157. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Edith Forne. Edith (daughter of Forne) died in 1152. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Matilda of Scotland, Queen Consort of England on 11 Nov 1100. Matilda (daughter of Malcolm III Canmore, King of Scotland (Alba) and St. Margaret of Scotland) was born in 1079; died on 1 May 1118 in Westminster, Middlesex, England; was buried in St. Peter's, Westminster, Middlesex, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Henry married Alice of Louvain, Queen Consort of England on 29 Jan 1121 in Windsor, Berkshire, England. Alice (daughter of Godfrey I of Brabant and Ida of Chiny and Namur) was born about 1103; died on 25 Mar 1151 in Afflighem Abbey, Brabant, Belgium; was buried in Reading Abbey, Berkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: St. William of Breteuil. William (son of William fitz Osbern and Adeliza de Tosny) died in 1103. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Hugues II. Hugues was born about 1050; died between 1118 and 1119. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1052
• Alternate death: Abt 1090

Notes:

AR8 says (in a note to 148:22) that, contrary to what was stated in previous editions, Judith was "Adelaide's child by her first marriage to Enguerrand II", but Stewart Baldwin, in the Henry Project's discussion of the three marriages of William I's sister Adelaide, assembles a convincing argument that Judith was a daughter of Lambert of Lens after all. A 19 Nov 2009 post to SGM by John P. Ravilious adds further evidence for the identification of Lambert as her father.

To be fair, Peter Stewart is unconvinced.

Judith married Waltheof after Jan 1070. Waltheof (son of Siward and Ælfled of Bernicia) was born in 1027 in of Potton, Bedfordshire, England; died on 31 May 1076 in Winchester, Hampshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Bef 1070
• Alternate death: Bef 1130

Notes:

Count of Aumale. Also called Étienne.

"Stephen, Count of Aumale, Lord of Holderness, s. and h. of the said Adelaide, by her 3rd husband. He was b. before 1070. In 1090 he took part with William II, and fortified his castle of Aumale against Duke Robert. By reason of his descent from the ducal house of Normandy he was chosen by Robert de Mowbray and his confederates as the person on whom to bestow the Crown, had they succeeded in their attempt to dethrone William II in 1094. He went on Crusade in 1096 with Duke Robert, before which, 14 July 1096, as Comes de Alba-marla, he gave the Church of St. Martin at Auchy to the Abbey of St. Lucien at Beauvais. He took the part of Henry I against Duke Robert in 1104, but in 1118 supported Baldwin a? la Hache, Count of Flanders, and the French King, in their invasion of Normandy on behalf of William Cliton, son of Duke Robert. He persisted in his rebellion, but was reduced to submission in 1119. He often occurs, but only once as Comes de Albamara, in the Lindsey Survey. He m. Hawise, da. of Ralph de Mortemer, of Wigmore, co. Hereford, Seigneur de Saint Victor-en-Caux, by Milicent, his wife. He d. before 1130." [Complete Peerage 1:352-53]

Family/Spouse: Hawise de Mortimer. Hawise (daughter of Ralph de Mortimer and Melisende) died in 1189. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Lord of Preuilly. Mentioned 1102.

Family/Spouse: Unknown. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Mentioned 1141.

Family/Spouse: Gobert III. Gobert (son of Thierry de Briey and Hadwige d'Aspremont) died before 1141. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Havide de Bretagne; Hawise of Brittany.

Family/Spouse: Geoffrey de Porhoët. Geoffrey (son of Eudon de Porhoët and Emme de Léon) was born in 1092; died in 1141. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 17 Sep 1148

Notes:

Duke of Brittany. Called "le Gros," the Fat.

Conan married Maud fitz Roy before 1113. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: 1116

Sibyl married William Clito in 1123. William (son of Robert Curthose and Sibyl of Conversano) was born on 25 Oct 1102 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France; died on 28 Jul 1128; was buried in Abbey of Saint-Bertin, Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Sibyl married Thierri III of Lorraine in 1131. Thierri (son of Thierri II of Lorraine and Gertrude of Flanders) was born about 1098; died on 17 Jan 1168. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Anjou.

Also called Geoffrey Plantagenet; Geoffrey "le Bel".

Royal Ancestry, Wikipedia, and most notably the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography all say he married the Empress Matilda in Le Mans. The Henry Project says the wedding took place in Worcester, citing L. C. Bethemann, ed., Roberti de Monte Chronica (a continuation by Robert de Torigni of the chronicle of Sigebert de Gembloux).

Family/Spouse: (Unknown mistress of Geoffrey of Anjou). [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Geoffrey married Maud "The Empress" on 22 May 1128 in Le Mans Cathedral, Le Mans, Sarthe, Pays-de-la-Loire, France. Maud (daughter of Henry I, King of England and Matilda of Scotland, Queen Consort of England) was born about 8 Feb 1102 in London, England; died on 10 Sep 1167 in Rouen, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France; was buried in Abbey of Bec, Eure, Normandy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Amalric married Maria Komnena on 29 Aug 1167 in Tyre. Maria (daughter of Ioannes Doukas Komnenos) was born in 1154; died between 1208 and Feb 1217. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 28 Mar 1136, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
• Alternate death: 9 Apr 1137

Notes:

Called "The Saint." Duke of Aquitaine. Also, as William VIII, Count of Poitou. Also Duke of Gascony.

William married Aénor de Châtellerault in 1121. Aénor (daughter of Aimery I of Chátellerault and Dangereuse) died after 3 Mar 1130. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

In Spanish, called Ines de Poitou.

Agnes married Amaury VI of Thouars before 1117. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Agnes married Ramiro II, King of Aragón & Navarre in 1135. Ramiro (son of Sancho V Ramirez, King Of Aragón; King Of Navarre and Felicia of Roucy) was born on 24 Apr 1086; died on 16 Aug 1157. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 16 Nov 1140

Notes:

Also called Vulgrin; Bougrin; also Taillefer; Rudel. Count of Angoulême.

Family/Spouse: Pontia de la Marche. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Called "le Chanteur." Vicomte de Ventadour. Living 1059.

Family/Spouse: Agnes de Montlucon. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Aft 1166

Family/Spouse: Sybil. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Forcalquier.

Family/Spouse: Gersende d'Albon. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Viscount of Agde and Béziers from 1130, and Viscount of Albi, Carcassonne, and Razès from 1150.

Family/Spouse: Adelaide. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Family/Spouse: Saure. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Lord of Baux. Prince d'Orange. A major patron of Occitan poetry.

Family/Spouse: Tiburge d'Orange. Tiburge (daughter of Guillem d'Omelaz and Tiburge d'Orange) was born about 1130; died between 1181 and 1198. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 7 Aug 1162, Borgo San Dalmazzo, Piedmont, Italy

Notes:

Called "The Holy." Count of Barcelona, Gerona, Osona, and Cerdagne.

Ramon married Petronila of Aragón, Queen of Aragón in Aug 1150 in Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain. Petronila (daughter of Ramiro II, King of Aragón & Navarre and Agnes of Aquitaine) was born on 29 Jun 1136 in Huesca, Aragón, Spain; died on 13 Oct 1173. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: 1116
• Alternate death: 31 Jan 1149, Palencia, Castile, Spain
• Alternate death: 3 Feb 1149

Berenguela married Alfonso VII, King of Leon and Castile in Nov 1128 in Saldaña, Palencia, Castilla-Leon, Spain. Alfonso (son of Raymond of Burgundy and Urraca, Queen of Galicia, Castile, Leon, and Toledo) was born on 1 Mar 1105 in Caldas de Reyes, Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain; died on 21 Aug 1157 in Fresneda, Teruel, Aragón, Spain; was buried in Cathedral Santa Maria, Toledo, Toledo, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Comte de Provence, Vicomte de Rodez de Gevaudan.

Berenguer married Béatrix of Melgueil in 1135. Béatrix (daughter of Bernard IV of Melgueil and Guilelma de Montpellier) was born about 1120; died after 1190. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Between 1120 and 1125

Notes:

Viscount of Fresnay; Viscount of Beaumont-en-Maine and Sainte-Suzanne.

Raoul married (Unknown) de Laval in 1095. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Comte de Nevers.

From Leo van de Pas:

He took part in the crusade of 1101. He set out in February that year with 15,000 men, but his army failed to take the heavily garrisoned Konya and was decimated at the disastrous Battle of Heraclea Cybistra. He arrived in Antioch with only a handful of knights.

Guillaume persuaded Louis VI, king of France, to break the peace with England's King Henry I and throw his support behind William Clito of Normandy, count of Flanders, in 1115. Guillaume was imprisoned shortly afterwards by Thibaut IV, comte de Blois et Chartres. Guillaume participated in the Council of Troyes which opened on 14 January 1129 and is known for his support of the Second Crusade. He died on 21 August 1148, and is believed to have been buried in Chartreuse.

Family/Spouse: Adelaide. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Elisabeth married Miles de Courtenay about 1095. Miles (son of Josselin I de Courtenay and Elizabeth de Montlhéry) died after 24 May 1138. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Living 1095.

Family/Spouse: Aimon II de Bourbon. Aimon (son of Archambaud IV de Bourbon and Beliard) died on 27 Mar 1120. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Wido de Craon. Tenant of Ralph de Gael prior to 1075; acquired some of the forfeited lands, and thus tenant in chief for Freiston and others at Domesday.

Family/Spouse: Isabella de Fitz Baldric. Isabella (daughter of Hugh fitz Baldric) was born in of Cottingham, Yorkshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Bohemund married Alix of Réthel about 1120. Alix (daughter of Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem and Morphia of Melitene) died after 1136. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Constance Capet.

Family/Spouse: Eustace IV. Eustace (son of Stephen of Blois, King Of England and Maud of Boulogne, Queen Consort of England) died on 10 Aug 1153; was buried in Faversham, Kent, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Constance married Raymond V of Toulouse on 10 Aug 1154. Raymond (son of Alfonso Jordan of Toulouse and Faydiva d'Uzès) was born in 1134; died in Dec 1194 in Nîmes, Gard, France; was buried in Notre Dame, Nîmes, Gard, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: 1121
• Alternate death: 19 Sep 1180

Louis married Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen Consort of France; Queen Consort of England in Jul 1137 in Cathedral of Saint-Andre, Bordeaux, Gironde, France. Eleanor (daughter of William X of Aquitaine and Aénor de Châtellerault) was born in 1122; died on 1 Apr 1204; was buried in Fontévrault Abbey, near Chinon, Anjou, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Louis married Constance of Castile, Queen Consort of France on 10 Nov 1153 in Cathedral of Sant-Croix, Orléans, Loiret, France. Constance (daughter of Alfonso VII, King of Leon and Castile and Berenguela of Barcelona) was born after 1140; died on 4 Oct 1160 in France; was buried in Abbey of Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Louis married Adèle of Blois, Queen Consort of France on 18 Oct 1160. Adèle (daughter of Thibaut IV of Blois, Champagne, and Troyes and Mathilde of Carinthia) was born about 1140; died on 4 Jun 1206 in Paris, France; was buried in Abbey of Pontigny, Yonne, Burgundy, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate birth: Abt 1125
• Alternate birth: Abt 1126

Notes:

Also called Peter de Courtenay. Count of Montargis and Courtenay.

Accompanied his brothers, King Louis VII and Robert, on the Second Crusade, where he fought in the siege of Damascus.

Went on crusade a second time in 1179, and died in Palestine on a 10th of March in 1180, 1181, 1182, or 1183.

Pierre married Elisabeth de Courtenay after 1150. Elisabeth (daughter of Renaud de Courtenay) died after 1205. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Count of Dreux and Braine.

Robert married Hawise of Salisbury about 1144. Hawise (daughter of Walter of Salisbury and Sybil de Chaworth) was born about 1118; died before 13 Jan 1152. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Robert married Agnes de Baudement in 1152. Agnes (daughter of Guy de Baudement and Alix) was born about 1130; died on 24 Jul 1204; was buried in Abbey of St. Yved, Braine, France. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Lady of Nangis and of the Chapelle-en-Brie.

Isabelle married Anseau de Venisy before 1153. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Isabel of Meulan. Former mistress of Henry I.

Family/Spouse: Gilbert "Strongbow" fitz Gilbert. Gilbert (son of Gilbert fitz Richard de Clare and Alice de Clermont) was born about 1100; died on 6 Jan 1148; was buried in Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, Wales. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Also called Maud de Beaumont.

Family/Spouse: William Lovel. William (son of Ascelin Goel and Isabel de Breteuil) was born in of Ivry, Normandy, France; died before 1170. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: 10 Apr 1166, Abbey St. Pierre, Preaux, Eure, Normandy, France

Notes:

Count of Meulan. Earl of Worcester.

Also called Galeran. Called by later genealogists "Waleran de Beaumont," but he never used a surname.

Twin brother of Robert de Beaumont, Earl of Leicester. After their father's death, the two brothers were raised together in the royal household. Much detail on his career here. He died as a monk at the Abbey of St.-Pierre in Preaux.

Waleran married Agnes de Montfort about 1141. Agnes (daughter of Amauri de Montfort and Agnes de Garlande) died on 15 Dec 1181. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Earl of Leicester. Also called, but only by later historians and genealogists, Robert de Beaumont.

Twin brother of Waleran, Count of Muelan, 1st Earl of Worcester. After their father's death, the two brothers were raised together in the royal household. Much detail on his career here.

Justiciar of England, 1155-1168.

Robert married Amice de Gael after Nov 1120. Amice (daughter of Ralph II de Gael) died in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, England. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Other Events and Attributes:

• Alternate death: Aft 1165
• Alternate death: Aft 1166
• Alternate death: Aft 1167

Gundred married Roger de Beaumont before 1130. Roger (son of Henry de Beaumont and Margaret du Perche) was born about 1102; died in 1153. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Gundred married William de Lancaster after 1153. William (son of Gilbert and Godith) was born in of Kendal, Westmorland, England; died before 29 Sep 1170. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]

Notes:

Or Adeline.

From the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography:

Her public role as first lady of the Scottish court (there was no queen of Scotland from 1131 to 1186) was originally limited by her numerous pregnancies; but her fecundity averted a catastrophe when Henry, the expected successor to the kingship, died prematurely in 1152. During her widowhood she enjoyed in full measure the respect and status to which she was entitled as mother of two successive Scots kings, Malcolm IV and William the Lion. After Malcolm's enthronement as a boy of twelve in 1153, she figured prominently in his counsels and was keenly aware of her responsibilities. According to the well-informed William of Newburgh, Malcolm's celibacy dismayed her, and she endeavoured, albeit fruitlessly, to sharpen his dynastic instincts by placing a beautiful maiden in his bed. She was less frequently at William the Lion's court from 1165, no doubt because of the periodic illnesses that obliged her to turn to St Cuthbert for a cure.

Ada's cosmopolitan tastes and connections reinforced the identification of Scottish élite society with European values and norms. Reginald of Durham regarded her piety as exemplary, and she played a notable role in the expansion of the reformed continental religious orders in Scotland. If she had a preference, it was for female monasticism, and by 1159 she had founded a priory for Cistercian nuns at Haddington, apparently at the instigation of Abbot Waldef of Melrose (d. 1159). Her household attracted Anglo-Norman adventurers, and she personally settled in Scotland knights from Northumberland and from the great Warenne honours in England and Normandy.

Ada married Henry of Scotland after 9 Apr 1139. Henry (son of David I, King of Scotland and Maud of Northumberland) was born about 1114; died on 12 Jun 1152; was buried in Kelso Abbey, Roxburghshire, Scotland. [Group Sheet] [Family Chart]